How Many Primes Did We Miss?

largest primesThe mathematics world is abuzz with the verification of a new largest known prime number.  The number, 2^{57885161} - 1, is a Mersenne Prime, and has over 17 million digits.  The previous largest known prime was 2^{43112609} - 1, which had a mere 12.9 million or so digits.

It’s interesting to note that, while it has been known for thousands of years that there are infinitely many primes, it is a challenge even today to find large ones.

It is also interesting to note how many primes were missed in jumping from the previous largest prime to this new largest prime.

A well-known and elegant result, Bertrand’s Postulate, states that there is always a prime number between n and 2n, for n > 1.  For example, the prime 3 is between 2 and 4; the prime 5 is between 3 and 6; the prime 11 is between 10 and 20; and so on.

In particular, this says that there must be a prime between 2^{n} and 2^{n+1}, since 2 * 2^{n} = 2^{n+1}.

Thus, there must be a prime between 2^{43112609} and 2^{43112610}, and another between 2^{43112610} and 2^{43112611}, and so on!

Thus, there are at least 57,885,161 – 43,112,609 = 14,772,552 primes between 2^{57885161} and 2^{43112609}!  We can therefore safely say there are at least 14,772,551 primes between the largest and second-largest known primes!

Let’s hope it’s not another 4 years until we have a new largest prime on the block.

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